Imyanda ya plastike nikibazo nkicyoitera umwuzuremu bice bimwe na bimwe by'isi.Kubera ko polimeri ya plastike idashobora kubora byoroshye, umwanda wa plastike urashobora gufunga inzuzi zose.Niba igeze ku nyanja irangira ari nini cyaneimyanda ireremba.

Mu rwego rwo gukemura ikibazo cy’isi yose y’umwanda wa plastike, abashakashatsi bakoze plastike yangirika nyuma yo guhura n’izuba n’ikirere mu gihe cyicyumweru kimwe gusa - iterambere ryinshi mu myaka mirongo, cyangwa ibinyejana, rishobora gufata plastike ya buri munsi. ibintu byo kubora.

Muriurupapuro rwasohotsemu kinyamakuru cy’Abanyamerika bashinzwe imiti (JACS), abashakashatsi basobanuye neza plastiki yabo nshya yangirika ku bidukikije imeneka ku zuba ikabamo aside irike, ikaba isanzwe ibaho idafite molekile ntoya idasize ibice bya microplastique mu bidukikije.

Abahanga mu bya siyansi bakoresheje ingufu za kirimbuzi za kirimbuzi (NMR) hamwe n’imiti ya spekitroscopi y’imiti kugira ngo bagaragaze ibyo babonye kuri plastiki, polymer ishingiye kuri peteroli.

Bio?Isubirwamo?Biodegradable?Ubuyobozi bwawe kuri plastiki irambye

Hamwe niterambere rirambye kuri gahunda ya buri wese hamwe nikoranabuhanga ritera imbere byihuse, isi ya plastiki irahinduka.Dore ibyo ukeneye kumenya kubikoresho bya pulasitiki bigezweho - hamwe na terminologiya rimwe na rimwe bitiranya,

Imyanda ya plastike yabaye impungenge ku isi yose.Toni zigera kuri miriyoni enye zazo zikorwa ku isi buri mwaka, mu gihe79 ku ijana by'imyanda yose ya pulasitike yigeze ikorwa yarangiye mu myanda cyangwa nk'imyanda mu bidukikije.

Ariko tuvuge iki kuri plastiki nshya, irambye - izadufasha gukemura ikibazo cyimyanda ya plastike?Ijambo bio-rishingiye ku binyabuzima, ibinyabuzima bishobora kwangirika cyangwa bisubirwamo mu by'ukuri bisobanura iki, kandi ni gute byadufasha kugera ku ntego zikomeye zo kuramba no kugabanya ibikenerwa bya peteroli mu musaruro wa plastiki?

Tuzakunyuza mumagambo amwe asanzwe ajyanye na plastiki irambye kandi tumenye ukuri inyuma ya buri.

Ibinyabuzima - plastiki zishingiye kuri bio cyangwa ibinyabuzima cyangwa byombi

Bioplastique ni ijambo rikoreshwa mu kwerekeza kuri plastiki zishingiye kuri bio, ibinyabuzima, cyangwa bihuye n'ibipimo byombi.

Bitandukanye na plastiki gakondo zakozwe munganda zishingiye ku bimera,bio-ishingiye kuri plastiki yuzuye cyangwa igice cyakozwe mubitungwa bishyabikomoka kuri biomass.Ubusanzwe ibikoresho fatizo bikoreshwa kugirango bibyare umusaruro wibiryo byongera umusaruro wa plastike harimo ibigori byibigori, ibiti byibisheke na selile, kandi bigenda byiyongera kandi amavuta atandukanye hamwe namavuta ava mumasoko ashobora kuvugururwa.Ijambo 'bioplastique' na 'bio-ishingiye kuri plastiki' rikoreshwa rimwe na rimwe n'abantu ariko ntibisobanura ikintu kimwe.

Amashanyarazi ya biodegradableni plastike ifite imiterere ya molekuliyumu ishobora kwangirika na bagiteri nyuma yubuzima bwabo mubihe bimwe na bimwe bidukikije.Ntabwo plastiki zose zishingiye kuri bio zidashobora kwangirika mugihe plastiki zimwe zakozwe mubicanwa bya fosile mubyukuri aribyo.

Bio-ishingiye - plastike irimo ibice biva muri biomass

Plastike ishingiye kuri bio igizwe igice cyangwa rwose ikozwe mubintu byakozwe muri biomass aho kuba ibikoresho fatizo bishingiye ku myanda.Bimwe birashobora kubora ariko ibindi sibyo.

Muri 2018, toni miliyoni 2.61 za plastiki zishingiye kuri bio zakozwe ku isi hose,nk'uko Ikigo gishinzwe ibinyabuzima na Biocomposite (IfBB).Ariko ibyo biracyari munsi ya 1% yisoko rya plastike kwisi yose.Nkuko gukenera plastike bikomeje kwiyongera, niko hakenerwa ibisubizo birambye bya plastiki.Ibinyabuzima bisanzwe bishingiye kuri fosile birashobora gusimburwa na plastiki yamanutse - bio-bihwanye nayo.Ibi birashobora kugabanya ibirenge bya karuboni yibicuruzwa byarangiye mugihe ibindi biranga ibicuruzwa - biramba cyangwa bisubirwamo - urugero, bikomeza kuba bimwe.

Polyhydroxyalkanoate cyangwa PHA, ni ubwoko busanzwe bwa biodegradable bio-ishingiye kuri plastiki, kuri ubu ikoreshwa mu gupakira no gucupa, urugero.Nibyakozwe na fermentation yinganda mugihe bagiteri zimwe zigaburirwa isukari cyangwa ibinureKuva kubigaburo nkabeterave, ibisheke, ibigori cyangwa amavuta yimboga.Ariko udashaka ibicuruzwa,nk'imyanda yo guteka amavuta cyangwa molase biguma nyuma yo gukora isukari, irashobora gukoreshwa nkibindi bigaburira, kubohora ibihingwa byibiribwa kubindi bikoreshwa.

Mugihe icyifuzo cya plastiki gikomeje kwiyongera, intera nini ya plastiki ishingiye kuri bio yinjiye ku isoko kandi igomba kurushaho gukoreshwa nkubundi buryo

-

Bimwe mubikoresho bishingiye kuri bio-plastike, nka, guta-plastiki bifite imiterere-karemano yimiti hamwe nibintu bya plastiki bisanzwe.Iyi plastiki ntabwo ishobora kubangikanywa, kandi ikoreshwa kenshi mubikorwa aho kuramba ari ikintu cyifuzwa.

Bio ishingiye kuri PET, igizwe igice kivuye mubutaka kama etylene glycol iboneka mubihingwa, ikoreshwa mubicuruzwa byinshi nkaamacupa, imbere yimodoka hamwe na elegitoroniki.Mugihe abakiriya bakeneye plastike irambye yiyongera,isoko rya plastiki biteganijwe ko riziyongera 10.8% kuva 2018 kugeza 2024, ryiyongera buri mwaka.

Bio ishingiye kuri polypropilene (PP) ni iyindi plastiki yamanutse ishobora gukoreshwa mugukora ibicuruzwa nkintebe, kontineri na tapi.Mu mpera za 2018,umusaruro wubucuruzi umusaruro wa bio ushingiye kuri PP wabaye kunshuro yambere,kuyibyaza umusaruro imyanda n'amavuta asigaye, nk'amavuta yo guteka yakoreshejwe.

Biodegradable - plastike ibora mubihe byihariye

Niba plastiki idashobora kwangirika, bivuze ko ishobora kwangirika mubihe bimwe na bimwe by’ibidukikije kandi iyo ihuye na bagiteri cyangwa mikorobe yihariye - ikayihindura amazi, biyomasi na karuboni ya dioxyde, cyangwa metani, bitewe n’ikirere cyangwa anaerobic.Biodegradation ntabwo yerekana ibintu bishingiye kuri bio;ahubwo, ihujwe na molekulari yimiterere ya plastiki.Nubwo plastike nyinshi ibora ibinyabuzima iba ishingiye kuri bio,plastiki zimwe na zimwe zishobora kwangirika bikozwe mu mavuta y’ibimera ashingiye ku biryo.

Ijambo biodegradable ntirisobanutse kuva sibyoKugaragaza ibihecyangwa ibidukikije byo kubora.Amashanyarazi menshi, niyo yaba adafite ibinyabuzima, azatesha agaciro niba ahawe umwanya uhagije, urugero imyaka amagana.Bazacamo ibice bito bishobora kutagaragara kumaso yumuntu, ariko bigume bihari nka microplastique mubidukikije bidukikije.Ibinyuranye, plastiki nyinshi zishobora kubora biodegrade muri CO2, amazi na biyomasi nibihabwa umwanya uhagijemubihe bidasanzwe by ibidukikije.Birasabwa koamakuru arambuyekubyerekeranye nigihe plastiki ifata biodegrade, urwego rwibinyabuzima nibisabwa bigomba gutangwa kugirango hasuzumwe neza ibyangombwa by’ibidukikije.Ifumbire mvaruganda, ubwoko bwa plastiki ishobora kwangirika, biroroshye kubisuzuma kuko bigomba kuba byujuje ibipimo byasobanuwe kugirango bikwiriye ikirango.

Ifumbire mvaruganda - ubwoko bwa plastiki ibora

Ifumbire mvaruganda ni agace ka plastiki ibora.Mugihe ifumbire mvaruganda, isenywa na mikorobe muri CO2, amazi na biyomasi.

Kugirango plastike yemezwe nkifumbire mvaruganda, igomba kuba yujuje ubuziranenge.Mu Burayi, bivuze ko muri aigihe cyibyumweru 12, 90% bya plastiki bigomba kubora mo ibice bitarenze 2mmmubunini mubihe bigenzurwa.Igomba kuba irimo urugero ruto rwibyuma biremereye kugirango bitangiza ubutaka.

Ifumbire mvarugandabigomba koherezwa mubigo byinganda aho ubushyuhe nubushuhe bukoreshwamu rwego rwo kwemeza ko guteshwa agaciro.Urugero, PBAT, ni polymer yimyororokere ishingiye kuri polymer ikoreshwa mugukora imifuka yimyanda kama, ibikombe bikoreshwa hamwe na firime yo gupakira kandi irashobora kwangirika mubihingwa.

Plastike isenyuka ahantu hafunguye nko mubirundo by ifumbire mvaruganda mubisanzwe biragoye gukora.PHAs, kurugero, ihuza fagitire ariko ntabwo ikoreshwa cyane kuvabihenze kubyara kandi inzira iratinda kandi iragoye kuzamuka.Nyamara abahanga mu bya shimi bagiye bakora kunoza ibi, kurugero mukoreshejeigitabo gishya cyimiti- ibintu bifasha kongera umuvuduko wa reaction ya chimique.

Isubirwamo - guhindura plastike yakoreshejwe mubicuruzwa bishya hakoreshejwe imashini cyangwa imiti

Niba plastiki ishobora gukoreshwa, bivuze ko ishobora gusubirwamo ku ruganda kandi igahinduka ibindi bicuruzwa byingirakamaro.Ubwoko butandukanye bwa plastiki busanzwe bushobora gukoreshwa muburyo bwa tekinike - ubwoko busanzwe bwo gutunganya.Ariko isesengura ryambere kwisi yose yimyanda ya plastike yigeze ikorwabasanze 9% gusa bya plastiki byongeye gukoreshwa kuva ibikoresho byatangira gukorwa hashize imyaka mirongo itandatu.

Gutunganya imashinibikubiyemo gutemagura no gushonga imyanda ya plastike no kuyihindura pellet.Iyi pellet noneho ikoreshwa nkibikoresho fatizo kugirango ikore ibicuruzwa bishya.Ubwiza bwa plastike bwangirika mugihe cyibikorwa;rero igice cya plastikiBirashobora gusa gukoreshwa muburyo bwimashini inshuro nkembere ntibikiri nkibikoresho fatizo.Plastike nshya, cyangwa 'plastiki yisugi', rero ikunze kuvangwa na plastiki itunganijwe mbere yuko ihinduka ibicuruzwa bishya kugirango bifashe kugera kurwego rwifuzwa.Nubwo bimeze bityo, plastiki yongeye gukoreshwa ntabwo ikwiranye nintego zose.

Ibikoresho bya shimi byongeye gukoreshwa birashobora gusimbuza amavuta y’isugi y’ibikoresho fatizo mu gukora plastiki nshya

-

Gutunganya imiti, aho plastiki ihindurwa igahinduka inyubako hanyuma igatunganyirizwa mubikoresho byiza byisugi kubintu bya plastiki n’imiti mishya, ni umuryango mushya wibikorwa ubu bigenda byiyongera.Mubisanzwe birimo catalizator na / cyangwa ubushyuhe bwo hejuru cyane kugirango usenye plastike naIrashobora gukoreshwa kumurongo mugari wimyanda ya plastike ugereranije no gutunganya imashini.Kurugero, firime ya plastike irimo ibice byinshi cyangwa ibyanduye bimwe ntibishobora gukoreshwa muburyo bwa mashini ariko birashobora gukoreshwa muburyo bwa shimi.

Ibikoresho fatizo bikozwe mumyanda ya plastike murwego rwo gutunganya imiti irashobora gukoreshwagusimbuza amavuta yinkumi ashingiye kubikoresho fatizo mugukora plastike nshya, nziza.

Imwe mu nyungu zingenzi ziterwa no gutunganya imiti ni uko ari uburyo bwo kuzamura aho ubwiza bwa plastike butangirika iyo butunganijwe bitandukanye nubwoko bwinshi bwo gutunganya imashini.Plastike yavuyemo irashobora gukoreshwa mugukora ibicuruzwa byinshi birimo ibikoresho byibiribwa nibikoresho byubuvuzi nubuvuzi aho hari ibisabwa byumutekano muke.